For a measurable self-map T:X→XT:X\to X, a μ\mu is invariant if T∗μ=μT_*\mu=\mu, equivalently μ(T−1E)=μ(E)\mu(T^{-1}E)=\mu(E) for every measurable EE. Specifying an invariant measure turns a measurable map into a probability-preserving system.

Topological systems

For a continuous map of a nonempty compact metric space, the guarantees existence. Uniqueness is the additional property of .