Theorem
Rapid decay of a shifted torus integral
A zero integrated mean and a Diophantine drift give any fixed inverse power of a large shift, at a finite derivative cost.
Statement
Let be a Diophantine direction on , and let smooth be supported in a fixed bounded -interval. Assume . For , define
For every fixed pair of integers , there is a finite integer and a constant independent of such that
This uses the zero-mean directional inverse.
Repeated integration by parts
Let , and let . The omitted mean has zero full-line integral. Integrating the total -derivative of gives
All boundary terms vanish. A fixed finite loss for each application of , together with source derivatives, gives a finite ; for example, if one inverse costs derivatives, suffices. The fixed-shift form handles additional derivatives without an factor.
Quantifiers
The constant and required derivative order can grow with . A family with uniform bounds at every fixed derivative order therefore gives decay faster than every inverse power of . A single finite regularity bound gives only the corresponding finite range of powers. No estimate uniform in is asserted.