Jordan content - Knowlpedia

A Jordan content of a bounded set $A\subseteq \mathbb R^n$ is the common value $c(A)=c^*(A)=c_*(A)$ (when it exists), where for rectangles $R=\prod_{i=1}^n [a_i,b_i]$ one sets $\operatorname{vol}(R)=\prod_{i=1}^n (b_i-a_i)$ , the outer content is

c^*(A)=\inf\left\{\sum_{k=1}^m \operatorname{vol}(R_k)\,:\, A\subseteq \bigcup_{k=1}^m R_k\right\},

and the inner content is

c_*(A)=\sup\left\{\sum_{k=1}^m \operatorname{vol}(R_k)\,:\, \bigcup_{k=1}^m R_k\subseteq A,\ \text{the }R_k\text{ are pairwise disjoint}\right\}.

Jordan content is an older notion of “volume” based on finite coverings by axis-aligned products of intervals. It is closely connected to Riemann integration and is more restrictive than Lebesgue measure, which can assign sizes to far more sets.

Examples

For an interval $[a,b]\subseteq\mathbb R$ , the Jordan content exists and equals $b-a$ .
If $A\subseteq\mathbb R^n$ is a finite disjoint union of rectangles $\prod_{i=1}^n [a_i,b_i]$ , then the Jordan content exists and equals the sum of their volumes.
The set $\mathbb Q\cap[0,1]\subseteq\mathbb R$ does not have a Jordan content: its inner content is $0$ , while any finite rectangle cover forces outer content $1$ .