For a plane wave with nonzero angular wavevector kk, its wavelength in the direction k/∣k∣k/|k| is

λ=2π∣k∣.\lambda=\frac{2\pi}{|k|}.

Advancing by this distance changes k⋅xk\cdot x by 2π2\pi, leaving the exponential unchanged. The is the reciprocal length with the angular factor included.

Variable phase

Where ∇Ψ≠0\nabla\Psi\ne0, 2π/∣∇Ψ∣2\pi/|\nabla\Psi| is a local wavelength from linearizing the phase. For a nonlinear phase it need not be an exact distance between successive crests over a finite interval. If the Fourier convention uses cycles per length ∣ξ∣|\xi|, the corresponding wavelength is 1/∣ξ∣1/|\xi|.